@misc{oai:tokyo-metro-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00003450,
 author = {ファイ, パパ エリマン and FAYE, Papa Elimane},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {This thesis focuses on informal transport organization and its implications on urban transport policy. In fact informal transport in Senegal is operated by individual and groups or associations among which we can identify some religious leaders known as Marabout. The issue that the thesis addresses is the implication between Dakar urban mobility policy and socio-political aspects of informal transport. This thesis aims to address three elements: the difficult transition of Car Rapid and Njaga Njai (informal and current main urban transport systems) operators from informal to formal, the role of social interference in urban transport policy and the urban mobility situation. The thesis consists of 8 chapters including Introduction and Conclusion. Chapter 2 is the literature review; scholars focused on several aspects of urban transport and the political aspect of public transport issues but it is still difficult to know why urban transport in developing countries and especially in Africa has encountered problems. This issue is so far not addressed because of lack of study focusing on the link between inside of transport organization and informal transport regularization. These unexplored subjects are the main target of this thesis. As for Methodology in Chapter 3, survey, observation interview and focus group have been done to collect several and detailed information; first of all, we conducted among Dakar urban population a household travel survey. Answers were collected from 1030 people. Interviews and focus groups were also conducted with public transport actors. Observation and digital video record involved a camera and a video recorder to track and observe person's movements across some public roads. As for the reasoning method (analytical), sociological approach and political sciences approach were combined into socio-political approach to better understanding on social interaction inside informal transport sector. Therefore, besides that academic contribution, this thesis poses for the first time the debate on whether Car Rapid should be withdrawn from Dakar or whether it should be protected, regulated and modernized. Results start with description of urban transport use, weight of informal system and review of government objective and direction in Chapter 4. Findings reveal some upheaval of hierarchy providing AFTU (the new minibuses that are supposed to replace car rapid) as becoming the main urban transport mode in Dakar. However, informal transport is still playing its role. Indeed Cars Rapids, introduced in Dakar since 1847 is more symbolic and cultural as it is a real representative of Dakar urban society. We also found users' perception of Car Rapid/Njaga Njai and AFTU as a threat of government objective and orientation In Chapter 5, we focus on inconsistency and ambivalence between demand structure and supply as a social problem. Results reveal some disparities in transport use; accessibility pattern to transit modes withdraws the freedom and independency in travel decision. Also, there is no link between infrastructures renewal and population mobility needs. As a consequence, it appears an important inconsistency between nature of travel and official mobility plan. The key-finding concept here is People of Road in reference of social exclusion and user's categorization of urban roads. This chapter reveals some mismatch of people desire and government option in term of minibus selection. Providing better service was the aim of the government. Chapter 6 deals with the development of social power and its expression: the effect of religious power. Findings are: school origin and educational background are factors of social power development. The global public transport sector is now characterized by those who opt for attachment to religious lobbies, those who opt for union labor attachment and those who do not have any related group of pressure. Consequently, religious brotherhoods are still influencing the transport organization but the structure of the power has been completely changed. Impact on actor's relationship, both in micro and macro sociological point of view, creates dependency of all actors on Marabout this explains why they get means to maintain political influence. In Chapter 7, we speak about limitation of AFTU model and possibility of an improved, modernized and conventional Car Rapid. Findings state that a real problem of transition from Car Rapid to AFTU appears. The option of having association of owners' structure instead of a standard business structure poses the problem of political weakness while a place is given to the religious leaders. In the meanwhile, since we found that each person links himself to some social benefit of Car Rapid such as its seat configuration, the symbol it represents due to its history, its social space, we devoted the end of this chapter to an alternative model of existing urban transport scenario that does not meet yet the government willingness, we think that the best scenario for a sustainable urban transport in Dakar is the enhancement of Car Rapid. This thesis suggests rethinking the Car Rapid phenomenon and enhancing it instead of removing it from Dakar urban transport. The relevance of this structure is the total absence of religious influence and the full control of transport system by government. The aim of this proposal is providing better service and strengthens political power or reduces social interference. The proposed scenario places Car Rapid in the same level with DDD (bus service) and PTB (railway service), and in that level, road categorization, social exclusion and imbalance will be reduced while chosen business structure option can be Parastatal form to give a strong political power that the government should have and to completely remove the social interference., 首都大学東京, 2013-03-25, 博士 (観光科学), 甲第367号},
 title = {Social interference in Dakar informal transport and its implications in urban transport policies},
 year = {2013}
}